Bricolage
在法文裡面,bricolage的意思是說在家DIY,比方說自己在家弄個櫃子、自己修修東西等。因為這裡人工貴,非到重大工程不會花錢請人修,大部分的人遇到可以處理的範圍,都是自己bricoler。
話說某日,我在某網站看見某社會學博士貼了一個問卷,關於外籍配偶的生活適應調查的。有人質疑起他的研究,這位先生呢便用了一些很偉大的社會學字眼要解釋他的研究興趣。但是我怎麼看,那些研究問題和他的研究興趣,卻是怎樣也湊不起來。嘆口氣,我留了言,暗示這種研究無異bricolage。其實我也不知我沒事去跟人家留言幹嘛,畢竟網路上的討論常常都是陷入謾罵的。但那一刻我真的覺得那個人的研究問題只徒有社會學的外表,但沒有社會學的精神。想著想著,我決定好好區分一個好的社會學研究與bricolage的差別。
我先說清楚我說的 bricolage是什麼意思。就是我們發現有一種社會現象,然後就用一種很像很學術的方式去做調查,方法包括問卷、訪談等等大家一想到社會學就會想到的事,然後就得到一堆「資料」。然後就開始把資料排列組合,然後找出一種和現在通行的某一種理論或概念可以謀合的方式。於是我們就說我們用某某理論解釋了某某現象。大作於是完成。
問題是,這難道是社會學的目的?我說目的,是說這樣的東西,難道有助於我們對社會的理解嗎?知道不敵惡的理論可以解釋台灣的某某現象,是一種更進一步的理解嗎?不是的,這只代表了不敵惡的理論可以在某種程度上解釋台灣的某一個現象,我上述所說的那種研究報告,頂多只完成了讓一個社會學者以一種類社會學外表而得以生存的職業目的,但是它對科學並沒有貢獻。 概念與理論是幫助我們理解與思索的工具,它們只存在學者的現實裡,這個 realité scientifique不同於日常生活的那個現實。如果一個用意是來理解社會生活的學科,最後只發展出一堆理論與概念的自我繁衍,而與社會現實脫勾,那麼它便完全違背了學科本身的目的。當然我也不是說要揚棄那些理論與概念,而是我認為我們要認識到,那些理論,就像經緯度一樣,並不存在地球上,而是人們為了理解方便而生出來的。而如果我們之後在描述台灣時,永遠只會說她在東經幾度北緯幾度,再也說不出像是「她是一個座落在某大陸邊邊與某海洋的一個島」,那問題就大了。我要說的,是很多社會學研究,最後就是這樣,理論湊太多,難懂的字一堆,這是 bricolage。我不是說要拋棄經緯度的概念,我只是認為幫助我們理解的工具不該反過頭來制約我們。
好,那麼社會學的目的是什麼,它要以科學的方法瞭解人類社會。那麼除了直接進入人類社會,別無他法。我的意思是,先進入田野,先讓自己浸身其中,然後將社會看做社會自身地理解它。那麼做出來的研究,會遠比還沒做研究便先帶著宗教、種族、年紀等等經緯度想像進入田野好得多。因為帶著某種框架的眼鏡進入田野,最後就只會看到那框架內的東西,那便是我說的社會學的自我繁衍。
那就像想到外籍配偶,就只想到適應問題,這適應問題,未必是反應外籍配偶生活的全部。那我們一下子想到適應問題,當然拿這問題去問,他們也只會回答適應問題。這樣是完全忽視了他們存在的其他部分現實。當然如果研究寫得整整齊齊有條有理還是可以好好的交出去啦。問題是,又多一個這樣的研究,除了社會學者繼續有事做外,到底是為了什麼? 「外籍配偶的適應問題」這樣的研究問題是一個「虛構」(因為我們想像外籍配偶都會有適應問題),但是「人們想到外籍配偶便馬上想到適應問題」這件事情是個社會現象。前者是所謂「意見專家」(對這種專家批評最多的就是不敵惡)在做的,對後者這個現象的理解才是(我認為的好的)社會學者該做的。而對虛構與現實的澄清,和對自己提出問題的再反思,是一個社會學者的首要工作。
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